Want 100 or more? Anyway, that is the moment that starts to set Gilgamesh on a good path. Returning to his kingdom of Ithaca, Odysseus ruthlessly [] [took] dead aim at Antinous throat and shot (Odyssey, 199), killing him before the rest of the suitors, who would meet the same fate. Remember, Gilgamesh specifically recommends Shamhat to the trapper; is this because he knows what a great canoodler she is?). Reconciled at last to his mortality, Gilgamesh resumes his proper place in the world and becomes a better king. Gilgamesh needs help to defeat Humbaba, but his arrogance keeps him from becoming self-aware of his weakness. After Enkidu challenged Gilgamesh to a contest of strength, they became best friends. With the hate Gilgamesh received when he arrived in Uruk he was cruel at first when becoming a king. The massacre of the suitors is similar to Gilgameshs behavior earlier on as king of Uruk, harsh and unforgiving. He is arrogant,. Through his many trials and tribulations, Gilgamesh proves that he has great physical strength. Here is another sign that physical feats, especially the savagery of the deed, will not define Gilgamesh as a hero. The message from your critic is clear: You are paying too much attention to your own wants, needs, and well-being, and not enough attention to others. Even though he was a ruler not all people of uruk were happy about his action as he was cruel among women. The hero of our tale: a cocky, selfish young king who befriends a half man/half beast, goes on fantastic adventures with him. Yeah. She is accepted into the military as a male warrior. He has sexual intercourse with all the virgins of his city even if they are already engaged. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? | What made Gilgamesh, from The Epic of Gilgamesh, such an epic hero. Published works of art are always found to have similarities with other published pieces. The people of Uruk were frightened. His mother blames all this seeking glory on Gilgamesh having "a restless heart" inflicted upon him by the gods (3.46). Latest answer posted September 04, 2020 at 10:56:51 AM. The epics main characters include Gilgamesh, the arrogant, half-man, half-god king of Uruk, and Enkidu, a wild beast of a man created by the gods to be Gilgameshs opposite and eventual friend. We aren't sure quite what it is because the tablet is broken in this part, but we know it is not anything that would contribute to the safety, security, or eminence of Uruk, since the people claim that Gilgamesh is "arrogantly" forcing the activity upon them "day and night. The people of Uruk think Gilgamesh needs an adversary to give him a serious thumping, and put him in his place. On page 99, lines 2-50 Gilgamesh comes off as a cocky and selfish young king. He is brought to this realization when his best friend Enkidu who he loved and cared for dies from illness. Anu hears the people's cries, and the goddess Aruru creates an opposing warrior out of clay named Enkidu. During combat, Humbaba begins to plead for his life. To reach Utnapishtim, he had to cross dangerous waters and a dark mountain. Being two parts god but still one part human almost obligates him to be a hero. He also wanted to be immortal so he could defeat death and live forever., not have one all well, and that is why they have to be treated in the same way. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Let me harness you chariot of lapis and gold, its wheel shall be gold and its horns shall be amber. Another obligation of Gilgamesh is to be unselfish. An example of him being selfish is when the narrator says, "He walks around in the enclosure of Uruk, like a wild bull he makes himself mighty, head raised" This quote shows that Gilgamesh can be very arrogant. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the anonymous author uses symbols, such as Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven, to represent the fear and struggle that the characters experience in the story. He recklessly abuses his power over his people; he rashly leads his friend Enkidu into the Cedar Forest to do battle with Humbaba despite the fact that Enkidu and all the elders of Uruk think this is a very bad idea; he smugly tells the goddess Ishtar that he isn't interested in a love connection. eNotes Editorial, 15 Oct. 2020, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-is-gilgamesh-a-tyrant-in-the-beginning-of-the-381851. Why did you do this thing? These acts of cruelty are what lead to his partner, Enkidu, being created by Aruru who is summoned by Anu. They viciously murder Humbaba even after he pleads for mercy. Latest answer posted November 14, 2018 at 10:04:09 AM. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Wed love to have you back! This is where all Gilgamesh journeys began and where they would all bring him back to in the end. With him being two-thirds God, Gilgamesh felt that he was superior to everyone us, thus making him a ruthless ruler. When the epic opens, Gilgamesh is an arrogant and strong man. The villagers of Uruk say that [Gilgameshs] arrogance has no bounds by night or day(tablet 1, 62). Gilgamesh begins to make offerings to Shamash for help. Let them contend together and leave Uruk in quiet. He does whatever he wants, throwing all caution to the wind until the piper comes looking for his payment in the form of Enkidu's life. The Gods And Mortals In Homer's The Odyssey 610 Words | 3 Pages First, he demands to sleep with all of the new brides before their honeymoon. However, after the presence of Enkidu was made, Gilgamesh started to become the more noble and favored ruler of Uruk. Once friends, Enkidu has started living differently, not like the wild beast he used to be. He does things for his own good and satisfaction; some might even say he isn't a leader at all. However, not everyone sees the ruler as being great. Unfortunately, Enkidu dies because the goddesses want to punish him owing to the fact that he and Gilgamesh killed the Bull of Heaven. My friend, your dream is favorable, The dream is very precious as an omen Further at dawn the word of Shamash will be in our favor. (116: Lines 26-31) During this journey, not only did Gilgamesh experience fear but the feelings of brotherhood, love and compassion; Gilgamesh would speak to Enkidu about his fears and would embrace each other during the nights for warmth., The lessons revealed in The Epic of Gilgamesh are the purpose of the story. The intended Audience is everybody, that is why it is written in poetry., The Epic of Gilgamesh, suggests that the people of Mesopotamia expect their rulers to be strong, heroic, fearless, unselfish, and godly. He and the Boat man then return to Uruk, where Gilgamesh proudly displays the beauty of the city he built. The entire epic tells the story of Gilgameshs life and searche for immortality. Gilgamesh and his best friend Enkidu killed the creature with a sword and ripped out its heart. Without a prior ordinary world, Gilgamesh was born one third human and two third god. By the end of both king's quests, they change between being thoughtful to ruthless. The examples of Gilgamesh displaying good leadership is when he brings Enkidu's humanity back, becomes friends with Enkidu, defeats Humbaba, defeats Ishar and the Bull of Heaven, and when he crosses the Sea of Death. For example, Gilgamesh is the king of Uruk, a city of culture, and personifies the highest of human virtues, such as fairness, bravery, and courage. He shows a sense of pride, being proud of the kingdom wanting to invite him in. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, what does Gilgamesh gain from his epic quest? Gilgamesh's nature remains high-handed and arbitrary in this adventure and throughout the poem. He travels twelve leagues of darkness in order to find Utnapishtim. Another example of this can be seen before the fight against the giant Humbaba when he says "when two go together each will protect himself and shield his companion, and if they fall they leave an enduring name" (Gilgamesh, p. 20). He is the fiercest of warriors and the most ambitious of builders. People of Uruk suffered from tyranny and were brutally oppressed. Another change in Gilgameshs behavior is shown when he urges Ur-shanabi [to] climb Uruks wall and walk back and forth! Not being willing to share. The hero of Uruk, who is two-thirds god and one-third man, was introduced as the reigning monarch of Uruk who was a notorious rapist causing hatred and concern within in the kingdom. He was the king of Uruk. The poem doesn't tell us. By the end of the epic, Gilgamesh gains perspective on what it takes to be a remembered leader and returns to Uruk to rule as a benevolent, honorable king. Gilgamesh starts out a mean spirited, bitter, tyrant-like man and turns to a good humble like hero. Gilgameshs strong will helps him through the trials he must face to reach immortality. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989. Log in here. He says that we'll all die, but he doesn't realize what that actually means until after Enkidu does die. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh grieves deeply and is horrified by the prospect of his own death. He was also known and appreciated for building many walls and temples around his city, which no man who followed ever matched. This paper is about the similarities found in Mulan that relate to and are applicable to Gilgamesh. . Comparing to the ancient mariner, Gilgamesh also demonstrates despicable characteristics of the human being, like greed and selfishness. As two-thirds god and one-third human, Gilgamesh had immense power. Enkidus friendship makes Gilgamesh calm and helps him to become a better king. Here's where Enkidu comes in. Joseph, a biblical man with great power and authority sold from the land of Canaan to the land of Egypt. The two epopeyas were tragedies; the first similarity. He leaves his people and embarks on a dangerous journey in the wilderness to "find out how death could be avoided" (1.9.48). Latest answer posted September 04, 2020 at 7:01:47 PM. Finally, he accepts his mortality on his way back to Uruk with the boatman alongside him: O Ur-shanabi, climb Uruks wall and walk back and forth! What kind of person is Gilgamesh? He acted as he did. He is too smart and too strong, and no one can be his equal. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. This demonstrates Gilgameshs newfound appreciation for his city and life, and provides the audience with closure of his. Instead of being a benevolent king and shepherd to his people, Gilgamesh rules Uruk as a tyrant. Seven jugs of the beer. (I). See, killing things is a really good skill if you're the head of a band of wandering nomads. Well, when Enkidu does show up, despite an initial fight, he and Gilgamesh soon become completely inseparable, exchanging heart necklaces and running up their immortal parents' phone bill. Let's look back at the beginning. Free trial is available to new customers only. To add to their treachery, they mock the gods by laying Humbabas head before Enlil, the god who created Humbaba. Gilgamesh was a brutal ruler to his kingdom though. Enkidu is lucky for the friendship he has gotten from Gilgamesh, but it has also costed him. From henceforth may the fire be on your faces (22). Gilgamesh praises, "Who is the most glorious of heroes, the most eminent among men." (I). For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior's daughter, nor the wife of the noble. and he also wanted to get rid of them Gilgamesh said, Trapper, go back, take with you a harlot, a child of pleasure. Indeed, while The power of Gilgamesh could be a danger to Uruk, Gilgamesh had gained his power because the gods made gilgamesh part god that gave him strength and intelligence. I noticed that Gilgamesh and William Shakespeares character Macbeth have many similarities. Gilgamesh finds himself deeply mourning over the loss of his companion, Enkidu, and he becomes fearful of his own death. When he shows up at Siduri's tavern looking like a hot mess, she bolts the door, fearing for her life. Be you my husband and I your wife! He began large-scale architectural and engineering projects that benefited the city of Uruk"mountain passes" and wells (1.37-38). Narrator, Prologue The narrator praises Gilgamesh as a wise king of a great city. The men of Uruk gossip and did not trust Gilgamesh. He had seen everything, had experienced all emotions, / from exaltation to despair. Selfish people are uncaring and neglectful of other people's needs. Yet, after Enkidu passed away, Gilgamesh becomes so distraught, he becomes obsessed and fearful of death, and seeks the secret to immortality from there on. Sometimes it can end up there. The most obvious being that he is a king, a man of highest level in society. He never wanted more, possibly because he did not know how much more the world had to offer. Returning to his kingdom of Ithaca, Odysseus ruthlessly [] [took] dead aim at Antinous throat and shot (Odyssey, 199), killing him before the rest of the suitors, who would meet the same fate. He did this for nothing in return, where we can notice that he already had a plan for Enkidu. Enkidu loses his animal-like strength but gains understanding. She, Shamhat, is sent by Gilgamesh to Enkidu in order to gain control over this wild man named . Gilgameshs impatience when asked to think about what he is doing showcases that he is not a virtuous. One of the earliest stories of Gilgamesh is developed from Sumerian texts, one of the most influential and well-known poems (Michelakis & Pantelis 2007). Wait. Gilgamesh had a lot of powers, but he was not wise as he was not content with what he had, and attempted to live forever. At the end we see someone who has held, and lost, the secret to immortality, but in return, gains a new perspective towards living life., Perlin, John. Throughout the story different experiences and journeys lead Gilgamesh to this ending. Gilgamesh is not the only king or governor that has been terrible throughout history. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, https://www.enotes.com/topics/epic-gilgamesh. You might say that Ninsun has looked at her son's behavior and offered her own interpretation of what is missing in his life: a friend. During this period, we get a brief, secondhand glimpse of Gilgamesh from Gilgamesh's two strange dreams, recounted to Enkidu by Shamhat. There are many factors in which Gilgamesh is considered an epic hero. Later in his life, Gilgamesh is able to kill the Bull of Heaven that send against him by Ishtar (lovemaking goddess). By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. After slaying the giant, Ishtar calls upon Gilgamesh, Comparisons between various characters abound in near-eastern Mesopotamian epic and Homeric epics. The piece was difficult to translate, and there are two main version for the Epic of Gilgamesh. (Gilgamesh, I.166-170) People rely on the king to protect their rights and the country, but Gilgamesh does the opposite by taking away their sons and daughters for his personal needs. Selfish behavior is often described as . Published by an anonymous author, people assume that Mulan lived in the Northern Wei (386- 534) in the Northern Dynasties Period (386- 581) C.E. The massacre of the suitors is similar to Gilgameshs behavior earlier on as king of Uruk, harsh and unforgiving. Gilgameshs behavior is not one of a. in China. One of Gilgameshs many desires is to win fame and glory for himself and his descendants. Some young daredevils end up in an early grave. Gilgamesh is a terrific example of how the human needs can surpass the desires and wishes of other humans, and how the humans can attack and destroy the nature for its own satisfaction and fulfillment. His triumphs fostered arrogance. Related Characters: Gilgamesh, Shamash Related Themes: Page Number and Citation: 61 Cite this Quote Neither men nor women are safe from him. Enkidu was made of clay and Arurus saliva, and had nearly equal power as Gilgamesh. This demonstrates Gilgameshs newfound appreciation for his city and life, and provides the audience with closure of his. Gilgameshs selfishness blinds him from seeing the negative repercussions that would affect. And, that is the camp that our boy Gilgamesh is in. Mulan is a girl that grew up in Ancient China. Well, it seems that Gilgamesh, on that journey home, finally gets it. These men were very different but, at some point very powerful times in their lives and then also had some challenging times. After reading the summary of Gilgamesh I started comparing Gilgamesh to other heroes that Ive read about. As the king of Uruk, he already has what will secure his own fame and glory: a grand city that it is up to him to lead, to rule, to improve, to protect. As far as he's concerned, being king is a license to do whatever he likes. He shows a sense of pride, being proud of the kingdom wanting to invite him in. Print., not have one all well, and that is why they have to be treated in the same way., The Epic of Gilgamesh is a third person journey about a mans change from bad to good because of a character named Enkidu. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. This forms a type of two-way bond between . The Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared to the hero tale, The Odyssey. But when they finally arrive back in Uruk, Gilgamesh seems to have gotten control of himself. Since he finally knew what it was like to have a companion and someone of his level of greatness, he no longer terrorized his city as he did before, and is still aware that death is inevitable. He was also known and appreciated for building many walls and temples around his city, which no man who followed ever matched. He hears the slightest sound somewhere in the Forest. It is true that Gilgameshs rejection of Ishtar was the first step in his journey to consciousness, because his feeling of vulnerability, he also lost his very close friend Enkidu, which he never experienced before, caused him to seek immorality, although in the end he remained moral., The epic developed over a period of nearly a thousand years. Gilgamesh held no esteem whatsoever for life itself because he had never tasted the bitterness of a friend or relatives death. In a way Gilgamesh cannot help but to be the selfish king that he is because, he came into this personality due to his upbringing and surroundings and his overall being. The gods still chose Gilgamesh to be king and ruler of Uruk even though the people of Uruk were scared of Gilgamesh and had abused his power given by the. He tells Urshanabi, "Go up, Urshanabi, onto the wall of Uruk and walk around. Accessed 4 Mar. In sharp contrast, Enkidu was raised in the wild and is foreign to civilization. Gilgamesh chose to be unfair to his people. In this story, Gilgamesh displays heroic actions by slaying the Bull of Heaven, which was created to destroy him. Throughout the epic, he leaves his society in hopes of gaining everlasting life, yet only returns with wisdom that becomes beneficiary to his people. for a customized plan. Gilgamesh is a king that shows off his power and enviably shows his weak side in most altercations. Discount, Discount Code This is the story of two great men in two different eras. No son is left with his fatherK His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warriors daughter nor the wife of the noble. They complained to Aruru, the goddess of creation, that she must make someone stronger than Gilgamesh. Humbaba nodded his head and shook it, menacing Gilgamesh; and on him he fastened his eye, the eye of death. Everybody who reads this story, or hears it is supposed to realize that Gilgamesh is actually you the one who read it, and his journey is a representation of adversity that we must all overcome in life. This story will tell the comparisons and differences in their lifes journeys. When he experiences defeat, however, Gilgamesh grows as a leader, seeing the similarities between him and his subjects, their common humanity. This is central key to all of his adventures and accomplishments (Wolff, 2009). Planning to share the plant with the power of youthfulness to the old men of the city illustrates the progression of Gilgamesh from a tyrant to a more thoughtful king. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. However, Gilgamesh was not a kind king, he used his status immorally to rape any women he liked. However, Enkidu chose friendship over becoming the perfect leader. As a result, Gilgamesh became afraid of his death and started to seek immortality, which is how the call to adventure has. Although Enkidu and Gilgamesh initially fought, a strong friendship was sealed between them. Gilgamesh needs Enkidu and Enkidu needs Gilgamesh. Enkidus friendship calms and focuses him. A forest journey: the role of wood in the development of civilization. Gilgamesh experiences a pain, which no worldly pleasure can ease. For example, the harlot in Tablet 1 of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is a tyrant because he kills men and takes advantage of women in his kingdom. The two heroes quickly become inseparable friends and embark on an epic quest. Gilgamesh is a selfish, rude, and self-centered person at the beginning of the epic. While Enkidu does display that he slightly cares for the gods input here, he is still causing another god great displeasure. To accomplish this, he decides to venture into the Cedar Forest to seek and destroy Huwawa. What is the significance of The Epic of Gilgamesh? The character, emotional and psychological development of Gilgamesh can be borrowed especially from the ancient heroic perspectives of mortality and death while comparing with Achilles. Because Gilgamesh made his journey to the ends of the earth, returning "exhausted but whole," he became a king his people loved. The getting there, though, was a bit rocky. Different events within the life of these characters cover broadly a huge range of epic encounters that are heroic. These, By the end of the epic, Gilgamesh has hardly changed from the ravenous man he was in the beginning of the poem. This journey takes him into various leagues of darkness. Enkidu was made because Gilgamesh was not capable of being a good King. He focuses on his strength and lets no one speak against him. What are the moral lessons that we will gain in this epic? One doesn't notice anywhere in the text how Enkidu knew about dangers of, Gilgamesh is extremely selfish at the start of the tale. Beautiful to behold, Gilgamesh selfishly indulges his appetites, raping whatever woman he desires, whether she is the wife of a warrior or the daughter of a nobleor a bride on her wedding night. The goddesses made Gilgamesh strong and near perfect in order to become the King of Uruk. It's clear that the present situation cannot go on for much longer. The nobles at the beginning of the epic are one of those peoples who complain because Gilgamesh is acting tyrannically. It is only after he learns the story of the flood from Utnapishtim, the epiphany that he becomes his most noble and wise self. Whereas some are convinced this was not a crucial step, but only a supplementary step to the beginning to his consciousness, others maintain that this rejection was the crucial turning point in Gilgameshs life and the direct cause to his journey to consciousness. Gilgamesh and Enkidu ruthlessly triumph over Humbaba and in their celebration. He was physically beautiful as well as strong. Gilgamesh: An Epic Hero. He also has to face great evils. Reflecting on his rule, he recalls that, He demanded from an old birthright/the privilege of sleeping with their brides (15). Eventually, Gilgamesh become wise and kind leader to his people after acknowledging the fact that he cannot live forever and has to appreciate what he already has, as his people and city. He forcibly takes, for his sexual satisfaction, the "the daughter of the warrior" and "the bride of the young man" (1.75). With the power Gilgamesh had received from the gods. He was too arrogant and oppressive. Gilgamesh is so strong willed he seems arrogant, he, In the beginning Gilgamesh is said to be two-thirds god and one-third man. Whether they may be visual or audio, one is bound to find similarities that match their criteria of misery or happiness. The two are scolded by Enlil, who is mortified that Humbaba has been killed and in the manner that it happened. To be sure, it is the gods' intention that Gilgamesh will still be a king, and a very powerful one at that, but with the crucial difference that he'll be a wise, benevolent king, someone who will inspire respect among his subjects rather than fear and terror. Upon meeting, in some might say, his better half, these labels seemed to be replaced with more dignified ones, and his behaviors and intentions became more pure. Grant me your fruits, O grant me! Although he fails to defeat Gilgamesh in single combat, Enkidu, whom the gods send as a champion against Gilgamesh, does stop him from claiming the first night with new brides. This example shows Gilgamesh's heroism in not only defeating the monster, but in demonstrating his integrity when tempted by Ishtar. Gilgamesh went abroad in the world, but he met with none who could withstand his arms till be came to Uruk. As the eternal "bad boy," Gilgamesh irresponsibly led his friend Enkidu into the Cedar Forest to fight Humbaba, despite having been advised that this was a terrible idea. This paper is about the similarities found in Mulan that relate to and are applicable to Gilgamesh. Let me harness you chariot of lapis and gold, its wheel shall be gold and its horns shall be amber. In order to be able to keep his people alive he needs to be level headed and strong willed. It is true that Gilgameshs rejection of Ishtar was the first step in his journey to consciousness, because his feeling of vulnerability, he also lost his very close friend Enkidu, which he never experienced before, caused him to seek immorality, although in the end he remained moral., The Epic of Gilgamesh is an enlightening story that is filled with knowledge and wisdom that can teach everyone . Gilgamesh shows a great change from the beginning of the epic to the end, which can teach us all a lesson about life and death, and more importantly about our lives and how we should or shouldnt live our lives. 20% Anyway, in these dreams, Gilgamesh passionately embraces, first, a giant meteorite, and, then, a giant axe. This ending proves that what made Gilgamesh physically heroic was his bravery to go on a journey, even though it was driven by immortal desire. At the end of his life, Enkidu briefly regrets his time with Shamhat, because of what it cost him. His worst deed of all is dragging Enkidu down with him when he angers the gods. For this reason that first section is sometimes designated as a prologue by translators because we are supposed to understand it as the final analysis on Gilgamesh's life: he turned out to be a great king. Then he washed his hairy body, anointed himself. (page 100, ln 1-50) To comply with his desires and restlessness, Gilgamesh sets off with Enkidu to slay the beast Humbaba hoping to gain fame. Throughout the text, it is easy to follow the character development of Gilgamesh. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. After Enkidu challenged Gilgamesh to a contest of strength, they became best friends. The men of Uruk gossip and did not trust Gilgamesh. He is too smart and too strong, and no one can be his equal. for a group? Read More In The Epic of Gilgamesh, what is the symbolic significance of Humbaba? The goddesses made Gilgamesh strong and near perfect in order to become the King of Uruk. In addition to exhausting the population by forcing them to build a monumental wall around the city, Gilgamesh also sleeps with every virgin before she can consummate her marriage. Gilgamesh is the handsomest, strongest, and most powerful man in the world. His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior's daughter nor the wife of the noble. I think the two traits best represented in the epic are Enkidus wisdom and will to not fight and Gilgameshs passion for battle. At the beginning of the epic that bears his name, Gilgamesh is the epitome of a tyrant. Initially, Gilgamesh appeared as someone who isn't able to have feelings nor relationships. The epic was said to be written by Sin-liqe-unninni, but it is based on five earlier Sumerian poems with no known author. This prompts Enkidu to tell Gilgamesh to have no mercy and to kill the beast because the god, Shamash, approves and is helping them. Published works of art are always found to have similarities with other published pieces. He was their sovereign but never their shepherd. Gilgamesh. She took it upon herself to disguise herself as a man, and take her father's position in the army due to his advancement of age and fragility. In order to curb Gilgamesh's seemingly harsh rule, the god Anu caused the creation of Enkidu, a wild man who at first lived among animals. His actions showed him to be arrogant, conceited, vain, and egotistical, and other gods were disgusted by his behavior. Mother always knows best? Having been conceived by a goddess, he had not only extraordinary strength, but status as well. Many scholars see Gilgamesh as similar to both Odysseus and Achilles (Gresseth 5).

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