Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . and ruled the area for 576 years. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartisch. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. 231-246, Brinkman, J. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. Dr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 27181. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. In the period . The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". 2, 2021, pp. 2, 1986, pp. Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 18991917." Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. License. In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ). Iraq, vol. Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 95 ff. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. Kassite. Tukulti-Ninurta of Assyria conquered Babylon in 1225 B.C., but the Kassites survived Assyrian pressure until twelfth-century wars with Elam finally resulted in the end of their suzerainty. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Pottery. Paper, 1956, p. 252). 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. . Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. Elam is recorded in history at the time of Sagron of Akkad around 2300 BC where it is listed on the Bible Timeline. The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. "Kassite." Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. The Bible makes many references to a people known as the "Cushites," implying they are the descendents of Noah's grandson Cush, who inhabited the "Land of Cush" in Old Testament times. 59, no. 14151050 BCE. 43 f.; cf. 2, 2006, pp. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. The third people group is thought be Israel. 1, 1989, pp. . This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing). Trustees of the British Museum. "Kassite" redirects here. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. 58, no. A.. "1. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. "Ur in the Kassite Period". [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Thereafter, Kassite groups and individuals are recorded in northern Babylonia, especially around Sippar Yahrurum (see Zadok, 1987, pp. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. 1, pp. And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the starsall the heavenly arraydo not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. 6, no. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? Their capital city was Dur-Kurigalzu. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. They ruled for over 400 years. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. Your email address will not be published. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. 287-90. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . World History Encyclopedia. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). 437-478, Malko, Helen. A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). 23. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. 20712, Brinkman, J. The rulers of the successive three post-Kassite dynasties (ca. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. 185f. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. This article is available in print.Vol. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and atti during the Amarna Age". There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. Balkan, 1954, pp. MacGinnis, J. Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. The city of Babylon had been a city-state in Mesopotamia for many years. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). The new rulers, non-Babylonians known as Kassites, adopted Babylonian conventions in their royal iconography and inscriptions. 144 ff.). The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. The Babylonian Empire. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. 6, no. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. Abraham, K. (2013). 159-70. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Isin in the Kassite Period". The original abodes of the Kassites are not known. "Studies Concerning the Kassite Period Ekur of Nippur: Construction History and Finds". The Kassite and post-Kassite kings granted land to temples, members of the royal family, and functionaries. 19, no. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. "Kassite." According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. 17 f.). 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. The Kassites influenced Babylonian culture after they took over the city-state. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. 1 The Assyrian Empire. While the period of enslavement by the Egyptians meant that the Israelites would certainly not be writing anything down, it did not prevent the Egyptians from documenting certain things. Volume 1 Kardunia. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. 86 ff.). The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Aarhus Univ. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. 88 f.) suggest that Babylon was resettled as early as ca. Temples were granted whole villages with the tillers, who stood in dependency and an exploitation relationship (see Oelsner, 1982a, 1982b). J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. 15:7). Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. 10, 1980, pp. 2014. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Idem, Kassiten, RlA 5, 1976-1980, pp. Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 - 1207 B.C.) Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. What kind of government did the Kassites have? Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. The canal Habur-ibal-buga (see Balkan, 1954, p. 104) is recorded in a document from Terqa which is dated to King Hammurapih (perhaps 16th century BCE, i.e., at the beginning of the Middle Babylonian period; see Podany, 2002, pp. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. Brinkman, Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the second Dynasty of Isin, JESHO 6, 1963, pp. and accepts with reservations V. G. Gurzadyans eclipse identifications (1458 and 1451 BCE). [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. 55, No. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). 88 f.). A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. This God held this position for many years after Kassite rule hand ended. Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. Kassite period. [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. 41, no. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. 279-84. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. [26] Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. "Ur:" The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian Kings"." After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). Original definition by British Museum. 124, no. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). Who are the Ethiopian people in the Bible? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. There, they are associated with the city of Ur and the Biblical patriarch Abraham, who was born in Ur. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". ISBN 978-9004430914. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. Read Ahmose Is stelae and read Ahmose IIs stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. 1, 2006, pp. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. A Guide to Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes Studies in Eastern History; Vol. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. However, the river is only 175 . They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca.

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