In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. Micrococcus species by the Taxo A Bacitracin disk test can also be differentiated from staphylococcus species. It has also been isolated from foods such as milk and goats cheese. Table 1: Graph from Korona showing the percent reads of each organism, and to which taxonomic level. Figure 2. Colony pigmentation varies considerably but is usually different shades of yellow or cream-white. This microbe forms large, round colonies. Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Increased inflammation in lysozyme M-deficient mice in response to In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. Gram Stain:Gram-positive cocci, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus. Its genome has a high G + C content. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus: Introduction, Differentiating Fea Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. It is mostly Actinobacteria, but some Proteobacteria and Firmicules are in the sample as well. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Biochemical Test Chart (You will not fill in every blank in this chart.) Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. The sample was then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq technology in UAFs DNA Core Lab. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by leukemia from the pulmonary hemorrhages because of Micrococcus. It is a gram positive, coccus shaped microbe, and contains catalase. Micrococcus luteus uses the amino acids and does not grow in the butt of the slant. First Report of Micrococcus luteus in the Buccal Cavity of Bearded Some streptococci also possess unique cell wall carbohydrate antigens that can be identified by reactivity with specific indicator antibodies in an agglutination assay (Lancefield typing). [3] Staphylococci are either producers of the enzyme coagulase or non-producers. Under the microscope they are round cells. Micrococcus species, members of the family Micrococcaceae, are usually regarded as contaminants from skin and mucous membranes. Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin virus when they are grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine. I think that this culture was mostly Micrococcus luteus based on the Kaiju and metagenome binning results. I used Prokka Genome Annotation to identify which genes are present in the bacterium, Kraken Metagenomics to identify what the DNA reads correlated to on different taxonomic levels, and SPAdes Genome Assembler to determine how many contigs were produced from the reads that were produced. DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . ? View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. Culture Characteristics: Colonies are shades of yellow or red. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. With the advent of newer molecular techniques, genus and species confirmation is even faster and easier. Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. Gamma or no hemolysis results in no characteristic display in the vicinity of the colony. Micrococcus lylaeare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. 2019). Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. Micrococcus spp. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. Staphylococcus spp. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. They are catalase and oxidase positive whereas urease negative. My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. Your email address will not be published. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. The API test strips lack of results suggests that the I used the wrong test strip, I probably needed to use the Staph test instead of the Strep test, because the Strep test is for when Catalase is absent, but there could have been catalase present. The colony morphology is the same as well, being round, shiny, and sort of flat (Medical Laboratories). When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Student Name Date 1 Lot Number(s) Record the lot numbers for each bacterial . Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. On top of that, most of the bacterium that were stained were gram negative, which conflicts with this result. Each genus lends itself to a separate tutorial. Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results Micrococcus., h. Shahidi Bonjar. After observation of the colony and microscopic morphology, the production of catalase by the isolate is documented. I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Typical colonies are often described as gray to white, moist or glistening. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . This bacterium can withstand massive doses of UV radiation and it also has the capability to degrade certain pollutants such as petrol. . It has been isolated from human skin. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores. This microbe is coccus shaped and forms in tetrads. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. A Classification of Micrococci and Staphylococci Based on Physiological Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. These organisms range in virulence potential from commensal organisms found on the skin and mucous membranes to pathogens associated with serious infections. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Another test I did to identify my isolate was DNA analysis, described in lab handouts 5 and 7. This would be read K/NC. Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. . Micrococcus Luteus As a Cause of Recurrent Bacteremia - Lww Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx - Biochemical Pr The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. The microdase test is a rapid method to differentiate Staphylococcus (-ve) from Micrococcus +ve) by detection of the enzyme oxidase. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview - Microbe Notes 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. Micrococcus varians Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus mitis Muralytic activity of Micrococcus luteus Rpf and its relationship to Microbiology Lab : MOLB 2210 - University of Wyoming Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. Positive. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. Staphylococcus spp. Micrococcus Luteus Biochemical Test Results - GENTHAMA Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. Enterococcus faecalis. If the agar plate is held up to a light source, you can sometimes see through the agar, as is pictured on the left. Several uncommon strains produce raised colonies with translucent, depressed centers. Simple biochemical tests like the one above have always been an important aid to identification of bacteria, because the different bacterial groups and species have characteristic metabolic activities. Continuing without changing cookie settings assumes you consent to our use of cookies on this device. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus spp. They are usually normal flora but can be opportunistic pathogens in certain immunocompromised patients. Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . (2019, March 14). Bassis CM, AL Tang, VB Young, and MA Pynnonen (2014). Mannitol Salt Agar: Principle, Uses, and Results - Microbe Online Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? They are catalase-positive and usually aerobic with strictly respiratory metabolism. Book a free counselling session. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. It is often larger thanStaphylococcus. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. If the infection leads to severe hemodynamic alterations, thus the valve replacement may become necessary. At U.S. Micro Solutions, our microbiology laboratory is a licensed, accredited source for thorough and accurate environmental testing . What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. It is reported here that gliotoxin selectively spares a unique class of haemopoietic stem cell that forms large (HPP) colonies in the presence of mixtures of MCSF and IL3. The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. 2023 Universe84a.com | All Rights Reserved, Blog: Microbiology and infectious disease, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test: Introduction, Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes, Anti -TPO Antibody: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes, HPV Genes detection using Real-Time PCR: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Keynotes, Microbiology Reporting Techniques: Introduction, List of Templates, and Keynotes, Acetamide Utilization Test: Introduction, Composition, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887570/UK_SMI_ID_07i4.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrococcus_luteus, https://europepmc.org/article/med/14576986, https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(13)01146-2/fulltext. Organisms commonly found on the body include Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium species (Dermnet New Zeland). Characteristics. Gliotoxin treatment selectively spares MCSF plus IL3responsive Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall in which it may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. 1. Is Micrococcus luteus indole positive? From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. . Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, where these can be used to distinguish them from some other bacteria like most of the Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Cell surface of Micrococcus luteus: chemical treatment of the - PubMed Gram Staining. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. Thus, when dealing with Micrococcus infections, it usually takes several cultures that are being grown and examined before one realizes that Micrococcus is indeed the culprit. Micrococci are usually not pathogenic. M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). I performed a Gram stain test to identify if the bacterium was gram negative or positive, as described in the Lab 4 handout. This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. Abstract: Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, is a fungal metabolite that causes genomic DNA degradation preferentially in certain blood cell types including T lymphocytes and macrophages. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). Enterococcus spp. This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Micrococcus was first isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929, as Micrococcus lysodeikticus before it was known as micrococcus luetus (Ganz et al, 2002) Micrococcus is generally thought of as harmless bacterium, but there have been rare cases of Micrococcus infections in people with compromised immune systems, as occurs with HIV patients. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. The nasal cavity microbiome primarily consists of the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Bassis et al. Micrococcus luteus | bacteria | Britannica The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. All pathogenic strains of S. aureus are coagulase positive whereas the nonpathogenic species (S. epidermidis for example) are coagulase negative. Biochemical 1- Catalase (+ve) 2- Coagulase (-ve) Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". Know more about our courses. In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. Cells are catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibit strictly aerobic metabolism.