Disgraced former Southern Charm star Thomas Ravenel claimed that Kathryn Dennis gave their son fetal alcohol syndrome. Women report that the drinking behavior of their partner . It is also broadly categorized as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) due to the fact that the fetus may not show all the features and the broad spectrum of effects on the . Barbara Clements, bac60@uw.edu, 206-221-6706. Type username to filter posts in this community, By logging in to LiveJournal using a third-party service you accept LiveJournal's User agreement, Smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can be very harmful to babies, causing a range of lifelong health conditions. No Risk: Confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure. [1][17] Although drinking small amounts does not cause facial abnormalities, it may cause behavioral problems. These deficiencies can cause several issues as the person develops into a child and adult. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth defect syndrome caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Severe: All three facial features ranked independently as severe (lip ranked at 4 or 5, philtrum ranked at 4 or 5, and PFL two or more standard deviations below average). The rest of the documentary features interviews with Crosby's second family including wife Kathryn and their daughter, Dallas actress Mary Crosby and focuses on the singer's many contributions to the business, like how he revolutionized radio when he began taping his popular radio shows. [91] There are many other such historical references. Jim Carrey. This complicates diagnosis and treatment of the syndrome. FASD is estimated to affect between 2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. [20] Canadian guidelines updated in 2016 deleted growth as a diagnostic criterion. [citation needed], The advocacy model takes the point of view that someone is needed to actively mediate between the environment and the person with FAS. A condition that affects the fetus of a woman who consumed alcohol during pregnancy is called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). "I had been hearing about it and then the twins, they didn't look quite right," Robert Trachtenberg, the documentary's director, tells PEOPLE. Refinements in diagnostic criteria since 1975 have yielded three distinctive and diagnostically significant facial features known to result from prenatal alcohol exposure and distinguishes FAS from other disorders with partially overlapping characteristics. [103] At the time, nobody was aware of the full range of possible birth defects from FAS or its rate of prevalence. [87] Because the alcohol was being given intravenously, the doctor could continue giving the treatment to the mother long after she had passed out, resulting in her being more intoxicated than would otherwise be possible. It is estimated that as many as three babies in 1,000 will have FAS. [1] Alcohol crosses through the placenta to the unborn child and can interfere with normal development. Before he was diagnosed, he struggled and had been misdiagnosed with attention-deficit . [citation needed], Many books and handouts on FAS recommend a developmental approach, based on developmental psychology, even though most do not specify it as such and provide little theoretical background. [22] In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%. Celebrities with fetal alcohol syndrome - moabcelticfestival.org Daniel Radcliffe is a British actor primarily known for his role as Harry Potter. Prenatal alcohol exposure is determined by interview of the biological mother or other family members knowledgeable of the mother's alcohol use during the pregnancy (if available), prenatal health records (if available), and review of available birth records, court records (if applicable), chemical dependency treatment records (if applicable), chemical biomarkers,[63] or other reliable sources. [28] Other structural impairments must be observed through medical imaging techniques by a trained physician. Broadening CDC's FASD prevention efforts to include both alcohol SBI and CHOICES provides the opportunity to offer both brief and extended intervention options to women of reproductive age as appropriate, and to address risky alcohol use within the broader context of women's health. In Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World (where all fetuses are gestated in vitro in a factory), lower caste fetuses are created by receiving alcohol transfusions (Bokanovsky Process) to reduce intelligence and height, thus conditioning them for simple, menial tasks. In severe cases, where the fetus was exposed to alcohol between 19 and 21 days of gestation, facial malformations are visible including a lack of the groove underneath the nose, a shortened . [citation needed], The central nervous system damage criteria particularly lacks clear consensus. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is one of the most common causes of mental retardation and is the only one that is 100% preventable. FAS facial features (and most other visible, but non-diagnostic, deformities) are believed to be caused mainly during the 10th to 20th week of gestation.[33]. He also had a difficult relapse shortly after his marriage to the actress. The lip and philtrum are measured by a trained physician with the Lip-Philtrum Guide,[36] a five-point Likert scale with representative photographs of lip and philtrum combinations ranging from normal (ranked 1) to severe (ranked 5). Kim Kardashian Doja Cat Iggy Azalea Anya Taylor-Joy Jamie Lee Curtis Natalie Portman Henry Cavill Millie Bobby Brown Tom Hiddleston Keanu Reeves. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can also manifest itself in social and behavioral issues. Fetal alcohol syndromeFAS . Drinking large quantities, defined as 2 standard drinks a day, or 6 standard drinks in a short time, carries a 4.3% risk of a FAS birth (i.e. [76], The US Centers for Disease Control estimates 3 million women in the United States are at risk of having a baby with FASD, and recommended that women of child-bearing age should be on birth control or abstain from drinking alcohol as the safest way to avoid this.[77]. Mariah Carey and Nick Cannon's Relationship Timeline, Celebrity Couples Together for More Than 50 Years, PEOPLE Picks the Best New Books of the Week, Foo Fighters Drummer Taylor Hawkins' Life in Photos, Megan Fox and Machine Gun Kelly's Relationship Timeline, The Wanted's Tom Parker Dies at 33 After Cancer Diagnosis: 'He Fought Until the Very End,' Says Wife, The Most Shocking Moments on 'This Is Us' Through the Years, From Nicolas Cage to Pamela Anderson: Stars Who've Been Married Four Times or More, Nick Cannon Shares Christmas Photos with All of His Kids After Death of Baby Son Zen, Iconic TV Couples: Our Favorite Love Stories from 'Friends, This Is Us' and More, Things Aren't Rosy in the Crosby Clan as Kathryn Sells Bing's Things (and Not for a Song). Definite: Structural impairments or neurological impairments for FAS or static encephalopathy. Keith Urban. delayed development and problems in thinking, speech, movement, and social skills. The infant died ten days after birth. In Gaelic Scotland, the mother and nurse were not allowed to consume ale during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [14] 3.6% of pregnant American women met criteria for an alcohol use disorder in a 2001 epidemiological study. [1][2] Those affected are more likely to have trouble with school, the legal system, alcohol, other drugs, and other areas of high risk. While consensus exists for the definition and diagnosis of FAS, minor variations among the systems lead to differences in definitions and diagnostic cut-off criteria for other diagnoses across the FASD continuum. The reported prevalence rates of fetal alcohol syndrome vary widely depending on the population studied and the intensity of case ascertainment. 2/7. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | Boston Children's Hospital A mother consuming alcohol will cause the fetus not to receive the necessary nutrients or oxygen while in the womb. . Symptoms. She and Crosby had four sons, two of whom were twins named Dennis and Phillip, who experts believe suffered from their mother's heavy drinking. [57] Smith (1981) described FAE as an "extremely important concept" to highlight the debilitating effects of brain damage, regardless of the growth or facial features. In this issue of the journal, consensus criteria for the diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people who have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are presented. Life expectancy can range from 31 to 37. [52], A human fetus appears to be at triple risk from maternal alcohol consumption:[53][54], Additionally, ethanol may alter fetal development by interfering with retinoic acid signaling. Mattson, S.N., & Riley, E.P. A summary of the criteria follows:[27][38], Central nervous system (CNS) damage is the primary feature of any FASD diagnosis. [64], "The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code" ranking system distinguishes between levels of prenatal alcohol exposure as high risk and some risk. FAEE may be present if chronic alcohol exposure occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimester since this is when the meconium begins to form. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Quotes: top 13 famous quotes about Fetal Alcohol [66] Because CNS damage, symptoms, secondary disabilities, and needs vary widely by individual, there is no one treatment type that works for everyone.[16]. 5.Famous People With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - pressroomvip.online; 6.10 Celebrities You May Not Know Were Affected By Fetal Alcohol 7.Celebrities with Birth Defects - Ranker; 8.FASDs: My Story | CDC; 9.This Is What It's Like To Suffer From Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | SELF Business, Economics, and Finance . So to add insult to injury, you have this situation [with the twins] on the one hand and then she dies on the other. Court documents reveal Kathryn Dennis drug and alcohol abuse caused her sons Fetal Alcohol Syndrome diagnosis. There is no cure for FASD and its effects last a lifetime. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia 11 Famous Celebrities with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [19][20][21] Although the condition is permanent, treatment can improve outcomes. Exposure level is assessed as confirmed exposure, unknown exposure, and confirmed absence of exposure by the IOM, CDC and Canadian diagnostic systems. [47][50], Despite intense research efforts, the exact mechanism for the development of FAS or FASD is unknown. lack of focus. In addition to dose-related concerns, factors such as maternal genetics and metabolism and the timing of alcohol exposure during prenatal development also impact alcohol-related birth defects. [citation needed]. [70], There is some controversy surrounding the "zero-tolerance" approach taken by many countries when it comes to alcohol consumption during pregnancy. People still cite him as one of the most influential singers of the 20th century.". excessive drug and alcohol consumption while he was in utero., obtained a copy of the proposed custody changes and the document states that an eyewitness observed. Article about Celebrities with fetal alcohol syndrome He was very drunk as you can see. Latimer J, et al. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Pictures, Characteristics, Effects Celebrities With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - flixexpo.net Above all, Lovato will stay in rehab until the end of 2018. People with pFAS have a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure, but may lack growth deficiency or the complete facial stigmata. Structural impairments may include microcephaly (small head size) of two or more standard deviations below the average, or other abnormalities in brain structure (e.g., agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia). Since our last Alcohol Alert on FAS, published in 1991, the pace of research on the effects of alcohol on the fetus has accelerated appreciably. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Pregnancy Advice | Patient The symptoms vary from one baby to another, but the defects caused by it are permanent. [40] During the third trimester, damage can be caused to the hippocampus, which plays a role in memory, learning, emotion, and encoding visual and auditory information, all of which can create neurological and functional CNS impairments as well. The four diagnostic systems list various CNS domains that can qualify for functional impairment that can determine an FASD diagnosis: Other conditions may commonly co-occur with FAS, stemming from prenatal alcohol exposure. Fetal tissues are quite different from adult tissues in function and purpose. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): Signs, Risk Factors, and More | Sonas Taylor was diagnosed with an FASD in 8th grade. [59], Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) was initially suggested by the Institute of Medicine to replace the term FAE and focus on central nervous system damage, rather than growth deficiency or FAS facial features. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) - Better Health Channel It operationalizes high risk exposure as a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than 100mg/dL delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. Alcohol is broken down more slowly in the immature body of the fetus than in an adult's body. Symptoms can include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, and problems with hearing and sight. Between 2017 and 2019 researchers made a breakthrough when they discovered a possible cure using neural stem cells (NSCs);[73] they propose that if applied to a newborn, the damage can be reversed and prevent any lasting effects in the future. Most fans of Bing Crosby remember his family from the iconic Christmas specials in which his wife Kathryn and their three grown children sang carols and palled around with celebrities like Robert Goulet and Bernadette Peters. At the age of 19, he disclosed this to the Daily Mail, a well-known tabloid newspaper in Britain, along with the news . [87][88] Doctors recommended a small amount of alcohol to calm the uterus during contractions in early pregnancy or Braxton Hicks contractions. The so-called placental barrier is practically absent with respect to ethanol. When Joaquin Phoenix first appeared in film and television, one of the first observances made is certain facial deformities. Urban made several trips to rehab before getting sober. Tony Loneman, a character in Tommy Orange's novel There There, was born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which he calls "the Drome". Varies depending on the individual, the level of alcohol exposure, and quality of living and educational arrangements. While many syndromes are eponymous, i.e. Born and formed in New Orleans, LA, Ashlee is an absolute music junkie and self-proclaimed foodie who loves all things music, entertainment, and culture. Study: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Is Quite Common - WBUR National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Environmental toxicants and fetal development, "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis", "Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective", "Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities", "Hospitalizations and mortality among patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a prospective study", "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview", "FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder", "Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure", "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) conditions and interventions", Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services, "Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women", "A 2005 Message to Women from the U.S. In the general population, estimates vary from 0.7 cases per 1,000 to 1.0 cases per 1,000 live births with higher rates (e.g., 3 per 1,000 live births) among American Indian and Alaska natives. More than 400 problems, however, can occur with FASD. Though similar sounding, ND-PAE is the spectrum-wide term for the psychiatric, behavioral, and neurological symptoms of all FASDs, where as ARND is the specific diagnosis of the non-dysmorphic type of FASD where a majority of the symptoms are witnessed. "I think people have this idea of him from those Christmas specials from the end of his life, which even Mary said was bad variety TV," Trachtenberg says. Growth deficiency: Prenatal or postnatal height or weight (or both) at or below the 10th percentile, FAS facial features: All three FAS facial features present. [60] ARND may be gaining acceptance over the terms FAE and ARBD to describe FASD conditions with central nervous system abnormalities or behavioral or cognitive abnormalities or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure without regard to growth deficiency or FAS facial features. "I couldn't find anything where he blamed her," Trachtenberg says. (The two other brothers, Gary and Lindsay, died in 1995 and 1989). Some of these remarkable stars consist of wrestler Chyna, actor Mark Ruffalo, model Tyra . Probable: Significant dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains. The IOM and Canadian guidelines explore this further, acknowledging the importance of significant alcohol exposure from regular or heavy episodic alcohol consumption in determining, but offer no standard for diagnosis. 9 Famous Celebrities With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome If you are familiar with the condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), you might be surprised to know that some of your favorite friends and famous people in Hollywood and politics have various forms of FAS, even though no one knows about their diagnosis. Families with children affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder share how this disability impacts on their lives.Follow Us on Facebook: https://www.facebo. Soft signs are broader, nonspecific neurological impairments, or symptoms, such as impaired fine motor skills, neurosensory hearing loss, poor gait, clumsiness, and poor hand - eye coordination. Tony Gentile/Reuters/Corbis. Genetic risks play part in fetal alcohol syndrome | Newsroom "That's the other tragedy of this whole situation. [9] The several forms of the condition (in order of most severe to least severe) are: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS),[1] partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD),[1][10] static encephalopathy,[11] alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). These professionals work together as a team to assess and interpret data of each key feature for assessment and develop an integrative, multi-disciplinary report to diagnose FAS (or other FASD conditions) in an individual. Court documents reveal Kathryn Dennis' drug and alcohol abuse caused her son's Fetal Alcohol Syndrome diagnosis. [102], Within nine years of the Washington discovery, animal studies, including non-human monkey studies carried out at the University of Washington Primate Center by Dr. Sterling Clarren, had confirmed that alcohol was a teratogen. In 2018 he told the Hollywood Reporter, "My mom was addicted to pain medication. [29], Criteria for FASD are least specific in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) diagnostic system ("low birth weight, decelerating weight not due to nutrition, [or] disproportional low weight to height" p.4 of executive summary),[20] while the CDC use the 10th percentile as a cut-off to determine growth deficiency. [56] Prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician, psychologist, social worker, or chemical health counselor. There is no consensus on a specific pattern of functional impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure[20] and only CDC guidelines label developmental delays as such,[30] so criteria (and FASD diagnoses) vary somewhat across diagnostic systems. [citation needed]. FASD is an umbrella term for a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. The prognosis of FASD is variable depending on the type, severity, and if treatment is issued. In 1725, British physicians petitioned the House of Commons on the effects of strong drink when consumed by pregnant women saying that such drinking is "too often the cause of weak, feeble, and distempered children, who must be, instead of an advantage and strength, a charge to their country". Presently, four FASD diagnostic systems that diagnose FAS and other FASD conditions have been developed in North America: Each diagnostic system requires that a complete FASD evaluation includes an assessment of the four key features of FASD, described below. Back in 2006, when she was pregnant with Moses, Gwynnie was spotted drinking a Guinness while out in NYC with husband Chris Martin. [26], In terms of FASD, growth deficiency is defined as significantly below average height, weight or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure and can be assessed at any point in the lifespan. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Celebrities That You Never Knew About Such individuals may be misdiagnosed with primary mental health disorders such as ADHD or oppositional defiance disorder without appreciation that brain damage is the underlying cause of these disorders, which requires a different treatment paradigm than typical mental health disorders. Mild: A mild ranking of FAS facial features covers a broad range of facial feature combinations: Two facial features ranked severe and one ranked within normal limits, One facial feature ranked severe and two ranked moderate, or. Fetal alcohol syndrome | Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia Canadian guidelines discuss this lack of clarity and parenthetically point out that "heavy alcohol use" is defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism as five or more drinks per episode on five or more days during a 30-day period. Clarren, S.K. Of the 222 children who met the researchers' criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, there were 27 cases of fetal alcohol syndrome, 104 with partial fetal alcohol syndrome and 91 with . Fetal alcohol syndrome hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy [85] There have been no dedicated FASD clinics within Western Australia, but there are also no nationally supported diagnostic criteria anywhere in Australia. [42] The examination revealed extensive brain damage, including microcephaly, migration anomalies, callosal dysgenesis, and a massive neuroglial, leptomeningeal heterotopia covering the left hemisphere. ONTD Original: Five celebrities who drank or smoked while pregnant This BAC level is typically reached by a 55kg female drinking six to eight beers in one sitting. Joaquin Phoenix, an American actor, activist, and producer is one of many famous people with fetal alcohol syndrome. [20] PFAE and ARBD have fallen out of favor because these anomalies are not necessarily specific to maternal alcohol consumption and are not criteria for diagnosis of FASD.[60]. Celebrities Born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 10. Getty Images. p. 10. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Wikipedia [2][20][27][30], Neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as epilepsy or other seizure disorders, or soft signs. After being escorted home, Saint snuck out of the house a second time. Famous Alcoholics: Celebraties Who Struggle with Alcohol Addiction Pharmacology for women's health. 18. [85], From the 1960s to the 1980s, alcohol was commonly used as a tocolytic, a method to stop preterm labor. [10] The lifetime cost per child with FAS in the United States was estimated at $2 million (for an overall cost across the country of over $4 billion) by the CDC in 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(3), 54-57. What is FASD? - University Of Washington The primary disabilities of FAS are the functional difficulties with which the child is born as a result of CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure.[78]. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Adults: What Are the Long-Term Effects? Stock Images, Photos, Vectors, Video, and Music | Shutterstock Famous People With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - HOT NEWS AND GOSSIP [10] The negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy have been described since ancient times. [75], By knowing what developmental stages and tasks children follow, treatment and interventions for FAS can be tailored to helping a person meet developmental tasks and demands successfully. Business, Economics, and Finance. 22 Interesting Facts About Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Did he say if he drank anything before he left or after he left. An award-winning actress and producer working in Hollywood, Reese Witherspoon is also suffering from FAS due to her mother's addiction to alcohol at the time of her birth. Dennis Crosby killed himself in 1991, and Phillip died of a heart attack in 1994. Several organizations and state agencies in the U.S. are dedicated to this type of intervention. [13], Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by the mother's drinking alcohol while pregnant with the affected person. Possible: Mild to moderate dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in one or two functional domains, Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following CNS domains Sufficient for a pFAS or ARND diagnosis using IOM guidelines, Performance at or below the 16th percentile on. This suggests growth deficiency may be less critical for understanding the disabilities of FASD than the neurobehavioral sequelae to the brain damage. People can still be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and not have the facial feature differences. [94] This contradicted the predominating belief at the time that heredity caused intellectual disability, poverty, and criminal behavior, which contemporary studies on the subjects usually concluded. Essentially, even though growth deficiency and/or FAS facial features may be mild or nonexistent in other FASD conditions, yet clinically significant brain damage of the central nervous system is present. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Four Brothers with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (The Story of a Blended Theme by MVP Themes, powered by Wordpress. intellectual . The effects of FAS include mental retardation, malformations of the skeletal system and major organ systems (specifically the heart and brain), inhibited growth, central . Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. [10], FASDs encompass a range of physical and neurodevelopmental problems that can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. [86] Passive surveillance is a prevention technique used within Australia to assist in monitoring and establishing detectable defects during pregnancy and childhood. While consensus exists that alcohol is a teratogen, there is no clear consensus as to what level of exposure is toxic. [2], Thus, other FASD conditions are partial expressions of FAS. Social communication: Intrude into conversations, inability to read, Disrupted school experience: Suspended or expelled from school or dropped out of school, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Trouble with the law: Charged with or convicted of a crime, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Confinement: For inpatient psychiatric care, inpatient chemical dependency care, or incarcerated for a crime, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Inappropriate sexual behavior: Sexual advances, sexual touching, or promiscuity, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Alcohol and drug problems: Abuse or dependency, experienced by 35% of the subjects (age 12 and older), Dependent living: Group home, living with family or friends, or some sort of assisted living, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older), Problems with employment: Required ongoing job training or coaching, could not keep a job, unemployed, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older), Living in a stable and nurturing home for over 73% of life, Remaining in each living situation for at least 2.8 years, Experiencing a "good quality home" (meeting 10 or more defined qualities) from age 8 to 12 years old, Having been found eligible for developmental disability (DD) services, Having basic needs met for at least 13% of life, Having a diagnosis of FAS (rather than another FASD condition), Music, playing instruments, composing, singing, art, spelling, reading, computers, mechanics, woodworking, skilled vocations (welding, electrician, etc.

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